Summary
This C1 ESL lesson explores China's ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a multi-trillion-dollar infrastructure project designed to reshape global trade and geopolitics. Students will analyze the economic and strategic implications of the BRI through engaging activities, developing critical thinking and advanced communication skills.
Activities
- A warm-up discussion where students share knowledge on global infrastructure and international trade, preparing them for complex geopolitical themes.
- Listening comprehension tasks based on a video that explains the origins, components, and global impact of China's Belt and Road Initiative.
- A vocabulary matching exercise focusing on advanced terms related to trade, economics, and geopolitics such as "maritime," "infrastructure," "stagnant," and "leverage."
- A grammar exercise on the passive voice with reporting verbs, enabling students to discuss widely held beliefs and reported facts about global events with formal and objective language.
- A vocabulary in context activity to reinforce understanding and correct usage of the key terms from the lesson.
- Speaking practice where students analyze the BRI's impact, discussing its benefits, risks, and implications for international relations, utilizing the lesson's vocabulary and grammar.
There’s a new highway in Pakistan.
And a new rail terminal in Kazakhstan.
A sea port in Sri Lanka recently opened.
As well as this bridge in rural Laos.
What’s interesting is that they’re all part of one country’s project that spans
3 continents and touches over 60% of the world’s population.
If you connect the dots, it’s not hard to see which country that is.
This is China's Belt and Road Initiative -- the most ambitious infrastructure project in modern
history that's designed to reroute global trade.
It's how China plans to become the world’s next superpower.
It’s 2013 and Chinese president, Xi Jinping
is giving a speech in Kazakhstan where he mentions the Ancient Silk Road:
A network of trade routes that spread goods, ideas, and culture across Europe, the Middle
East, and China as far back as 200 BC.
He then says:
"we should take an innovative approach and jointly build an economic belt along the Silk
Road" A month later, Xi is in Indonesia:
"The two sides should work together to build a maritime silk road for the 21st century"
These two phrases were the first mentions of Xi’s legacy project, the multi-trillion
dollar Belt and Road Initiative, or BRI.
They’re also the two components of the plan.
There’s an overland Economic Belt of 6 corridors that serves as new routes to get goods in
and out of China.
Like this railroad connecting China to London.
And these gas pipelines from the Caspian sea to China
And a high-speed train network in South East Asia.
Then there’s the maritime silk road -- a chain of seaports stretching from the South
China Sea to Africa that also directs trade to and from China.
The BRI also includes oil refineries, industrial parks, power plants, mines, and fiber-optic
networks - all designed to make it easier for the world to trade with China.
So far, over 60 countries have reportedly signed agreements for these projects.
And the list is growing, because China promotes it as a win-win for everyone.
Take, for example, the BRI’s flagship project: Pakistan.
Pause for Pakistan Like many countries in Central and South Asia,
Pakistan has a stagnant economy, and a corruption problem.
It wasn’t a popular place for foreign investment, that is until China came along.
In 2001, China offered to build a brand new port in the small fishing town of Gwadar.
By 2018, the port as well as highway and railway networks became a $62 billion dollar Corridor
within the BRI.
It’s where the Economic Belt meets the Maritime Silk Road.
And it seemed to benefit both countries.
Pakistan saw its highest GDP growth in 8 years and forged a tight relationship with a major
world power.
China, on the other hand, secured a new alternative route for goods, especially, oil and gas from
the Middle East.
Through projects like these, it also found a way to boost its economy.
Chinese construction companies that had fewer opportunities within their own country saw
a huge boost from BRI contracts — 7 out of the 10 biggest construction firms in the
world are now Chinese.
What tips the balance in China’s favor even more is a requirement that it be involved
in building these projects.
In Pakistan for example, Chinese workers have directly built projects, like this highway
here, and a Chinese firm has worked with locals on a railway here in Serbia.
China’s involvement is one of its very few demands and that’s set these deals apart
so far.
See, typically, to get investment from the West, countries have to meet strict ethical
standards.
But China’s offered billions of dollars — mostly in loans — with far fewer conditions.
So, it’s no surprise the BRI has been a big hit with the less-democratic countries
in the region.
China has signed agreements with Authoritarian governments
Military regimes.
And some of the most corrupt countries in the world.
It’s even affiliated with, Afghanistan, Ukraine, Yemen, and Iraq; all currently splintered
by conflict.
Because of China's willingness to loan money to unreliable countries, many experts have
called the BRI a risky plan.
Eventually, these countries will have to pay China back -- but corruption and conflict
make that payback unlikely.
A recent report found that many countries indebted to China are vulnerable, including
8 that are at high risk of being unable to pay.
So why does China keep lending?
Because there’s more to the BRI than just economics:
In Sri Lanka, China loaned about 1.5 billion
dollars for a new deep-water port.
It was a key stop on the Maritime Silk Road.
But by 2017 it was clear Sri Lanka couldn’t pay back the loan, so instead, they gave China
control of the port as part of a 99-year lease.
China also controls the strategic port in Pakistan - where it has a 40-year lease, It’s
pushing for a similar agreement in Myanmar, and it just opened an actual Chinese naval
base in Djibouti.
These are all signs of what’s called the String of Pearls theory.
It predicts that China is trying to establish a string of naval bases in the Indian Ocean
that will allow it to station ships and guard shipping routes that move through the region.
So while China’s not getting its money back, its still achieving some very important strategic
goals.
China’s growing influence challenges the status of the US, which has been the world’s
lone super-power for the last several decades.
Isolation is trending in the US meaning it’s investing less and therefore losing influence
around the world.
The BRI is China's way of leveraging power to become a global leader.
By building relationships and taking control of global trade, China is well on its way.
Vocabulary focus
The vocabulary section introduces advanced terms crucial for discussing international trade and geopolitical strategies. Key terms include "maritime" (relating to the sea), "leverage" (to use something to maximum advantage), "stagnant" (not growing or developing), "infrastructure" (basic physical and organizational structures), "route" (a defined path), and "investment" (allocating resources for profit).
Grammar focus
This lesson focuses on the passive voice with reporting verbs. Students will practice structures like "It is reported/believed/said/thought that..." and "Subject + is/are + reported/believed/said/thought + to + [infinitive phrase]." This grammatical form is essential for discussing widely accepted information and expert opinions in a formal and objective manner, especially relevant when analyzing global initiatives and their perceived impacts.
